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The actual direct length between the insulator terminals is the most significant factor in determining these fast impulse characteristics. 2) are universally tested and verified under dry conditions. The LIWV characteristics of external self-restoring insulation (see Fig. Insulation has two fundamental characteristics: lightning impulse withstand and switching impulse withstand, shown graphically in Fig. Because it is not possible to insulate sufficiently to withstand all lightning surges, insulators are designed and tested to determine the levels at which they will flash over. The goal is to help power system engineers decide whether or not a comprehensive study needs to be undertaken and what might be the benefits.Īll insulation has limits to its withstand capability. This edited past contribution by arrester expert, Jonathan Woodworth, offered a basic review of the fundamentals. IEEE 1313.2 are another excellent source for better understanding this engineering practice while a third highly acclaimed reference is “Insulation Coordination of Power Systems” by Andrew Hileman (1999). These standards cover 99% of what needs to be known to perform a lightning or switching surge insulation coordination study. However, as a good first approximation, system performance can be modeled using the formulas presented in IEC 60071-1, 6. This coordination task as well as the task of selecting and locating arresters can be simple while at other times complex, requiring computer simulation. The task of coordinating insulation withstand with the desired performance levels of the system can be significantly different if arresters are applied versus not applied. Insulation coordination has become a well-developed engineering practice and one where the characteristics of the system in terms of insulation and arresters cross paths. This carefully selected combination of insulators and arresters is then referred to as insulation coordination. An intermediate solution that requires some reasonable investment in insulation and protective equipment is therefore the compromise most often taken. Similarly, it seems equally unreasonable to insulate for all transient events, even if this were possible. Clearly, it would not be reasonable to insulate only for the operating voltage and thereby allow any transients to trigger insulation failure. How the insulation on any power system is protected is basically an economic issue. While arresters can be used to effectively control the most frequent type of such overvoltages, namely those caused by switching operations, transients due to lightning are more difficult to mitigate. Please link to our Handout page for various instructions on NMR data processing and more.Transient overvoltages occur on all power systems. These files need to be imported when the processed spectra are no longer available and will have to be transformed into the corresponding spectra after importing. 2D raw data are stored as ser in the experiment folder.1D raw data are stored as fid in the experiment folder.Processed data are removed from the spectrometers periodically so these files may not exist for older data or for those in the NMR archives.

Importing these files into, for example, ACD will allow you to interact with the spectra directly without any need for further processing.

2D processed spectra are stored as the file 2rr within the pdata folder under the main data set folder.

1D processed spectra are stored as the file 1r within the pdata folder under the main data set folder.

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The Bruker software stores raw data and processed spectra under defined files names within the experimental data set folder, thus: We no longer provide in-house support for ACD software.įREE software for processing of 1D and 2D spectra. See the ACD Labs site for information on their software Use the Getting Started document for a basic introduction to the program.Īvailable for lab-wide use for 1D-3D processing.īruker have now made TOPSPIN processor free for academic users.

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